Grantmaking data is voluntary and patchy: no UK Form 990

US foundations' Form 990-PF makes all grants machine-readable by law. In the UK, publication to the 360Giving standard is voluntary: around 300 funders publish (covering £300bn of historic grants), out of thousands of active grantmakers, and ACF's research must scrape unstructured accounts of only the largest 300. Basic questions (who funds democracy work, what share of grants reaches deprived areas, which fields are systematically unfunded) cannot be answered authoritatively.

You cannot fix misallocation you cannot see. Every other gap on this map is harder to prove, and every funder collaboration harder to broker, because the UK lacks comprehensive structured data on where philanthropic money actually goes.

A Charity Commission annual-return requirement for grantmakers above a spending threshold to file grants data in 360Giving-compatible structured format, plus long-term core funding for 360Giving itself as national data infrastructure rather than a perpetual grantee.

// State-led: Instrument: Charity Commission annual-return mandate for structured grants data; voluntary 360Giving publication already exists and is the named-insufficient prototype.

Comprehensive structured grants data would expose misallocation underpinning every other gap, and the 360Giving standard is off-the-shelf needing only a mandate, though nothing dates the decision.